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MUNICH — Two dangling strands of barbed wire have haunted Olaf Hetze for over a quarter century, since his failed attempt to escape from the Communist bloc, not by going over the Berlin Wall but around it by a little-known route through Bulgaria.
Mr. Hetze still believes that he and his girlfriend, Barbara Hille, might have made it if he had managed to cover their tracks better, trimming the loose ends after cutting the top wire of a border fence. If he had, Mr. Hetze said in an interview at his home in Munich earlier this year, he might never have seen the shooting stars of tracer bullets arcing across the night sky, or had to watch his girlfriend twist in the air and fall to the ground, blood rushing out of a life-threatening wound to her shoulder.
But the dangling wire was far from the only reason they failed.
Thanks to the work of a dedicated German researcher, the full extent of the escape attempts through Bulgaria, and the danger, is just now coming to light. At least 4,500 people tried to escape over the Bulgarian border during the cold war, estimated the researcher, Stefan Appelius, a professor of political science at Oldenburg University. Of those, he believes that at least 100 were killed, but no official investigation has ever been undertaken.
What Olaf Hetze and Barbara Hille could not have known is that thousands of their East German compatriots had the same thought. And the Bulgarian government, with the active engagement of the East German secret police, known as the Stasi, was ready to defend its borders.
Mr. Appelius’s investigation of escapes through Bulgaria, described by experts as previously all but undocumented, is trailblazing and almost entirely self-financed. Hans-Hermann Hertle, who leads research into deaths along the Berlin Wall at the Center for Research on Contemporary History in Potsdam, said that he was impressed with Mr. Appelius’s work and that the center hoped to cooperate with him on Bulgaria once their study of the wall was complete.
The stories he uncovered are harrowing. For instance, a young couple from Leipzig were killed in 1975 by a tremendous hail of bullets, the man shot 37 times and the woman 25 times, all at close range. The last known fatality, 19-year-old Michael Weber, was killed on July 7, 1989, barely four months before the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Helped by volunteers in Bulgaria but stymied, Mr. Appelius said, by the reluctance of authorities there to dig up unflattering history, he has found concrete evidence of 845 such escape attempts, including 18 fatalities where he has been able to clearly document the identities of the victims. Mr. Appelius said he based his estimate of more than 100 fatalities and 4,500 attempted crossings in part on interviews with Bulgarian pathologists and former border guards.
Mr. Appelius estimated that 160 people made it to the West.
By comparison, the research center in Potsdam says that 134 people were killed trying to escape at the Berlin Wall, though the research is continuing and that figure is contested by those who say it should be higher. Over all, experts say, more than 1,000 people died trying to flee over the East German border.
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